Background & aim: Given the importance of developing mother-friendly hospitals (MFHs) in order to promote normal delivery and respect mothers’ rights, the present study was conducted to evauate the Implementation of MFH steps in the hospitals of Qazvin, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in all Qazvin hospitals (five public and four private hospitals) in Iran in 2017. The standard MFH checklist was used for data collection. The checklist included 10 steps and 110 items related to the places, equipments, facilities, records, hospital statistical data. MFH checklist was completed through observation, assessment of medical records and interview with 210 clients and staff. Expected level of MFH was considered at 80% in all steps. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24). Results: Two hospitals obtained accepted scores at all steps. However, the achievement rates in steps 1 (i. e., current perinatal care), 3 (i. e., emergency services), 5 (i. e., preparation of labor classes), 7 (i. e., avoiding unnecessary care), 9 (i. e., trained doula), and 10 (neonate-friendly hospital) were 88. 43%, 90. 90%, 87. 14%, 80. 25%, 84. 16%, and 100%, which were higher than the expected level (80%). In other steps, especially in step 8 (i. e., physiological delivery), the reported rate was very low (39. 86%). Conclusion: In order to obtain the MFH certificate in Qazvin hospitals, it was required to improve the access to specialized midwifery services, employing trained staff to respect clients, and using pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods for labor pain relief to increase the rate of physiological birth.

Background: Various studies have highlighted the usefulness of environmental scanning in assessing community needs and developing programs and policies. We aimed to find the most practical model of using such scanning in the healthcare literature. Methods: We conducted a scoping review based on the PRISMA guideline to ensure a comprehensive and systematic approach in 2023. To develop a comprehensive search strategy, we worked with experienced librarians and the research team. We then completed a search of five electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Embase databases. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles to select studies that met our inclusion criteria. The data was then analyzed and presented in a tabular format to facilitate easy interpretation and understanding. Results: We retrieved 7243 articles from various databases and sources. After removing 2755 articles due to duplication, we excluded 4380 more articles during the title and abstract screening phase. In the full-text review process, we ruled out an additional 103 articles. Finally, only 5 articles that were directly relevant to the study were included. The model that Bednar and colleagues have in their article is the latest model. Most studies propose six main steps to conduct an environmental survey in the healthcare system. Conclusion: Since the most important task of managers and policy makers of the health system is to make decisions, they can use our proposed model to collect, analyze and interpret data, identify important patterns and trends so that they can make evidence-based decisions.   Keywords: ; Scan; Model;; ;

Participatory governance in higher education is one of the approaches that has been presented to the management of the academic institution by focusing on participation and involvement of all stakeholders in matters of oversight. This study was conducted to explore the components of the Implementation process and the realization of participatory governance in higher education institutions. The present research is qualitative and is applied research in the paradigm of interpretivism and from the point of view of pure pose and cross-sectional in terms of research time. The method of data analysis was thematic analysis and the participants were professors and experts in the field of governance and higher education who were purposefully selected and after theoretical saturation reached 14 people. Data collection was done through semistructured interviews. According to the coding and the included categories, the research findings show that four stages can be envisaged for the Implementation and realization of participatory governance in higher education institutions: 1-awareness and awareness stage. 2-evaluation. 3-improvement. 4-care and maintenance. The results show that the realization of participatory governance, given the current situation of higher education institutions and benefits this style of governance brings to improve their efficiency and effectiveness, will be important step to increase higher education success in the country.

Among the rules that jurisprudential scholars, jurisprudence, jurists, and scholars of rhetoric have investigated are their lexical roots and customary meanings and cited their opinions in this regard as a reason or preference. Rule: "Foundation Precedes Emphasis" is the one that in the interpretation prefers the new meaning to the repetition and emphasis on the old meaning in explaining the words, and considers the new effect and independent benefit of words better than emphasizing the previous meaning. The current research is descriptive and analytical in order to express the importance, position, capacity and how to use the aforementioned rule in different sciences and examples its comparative use has been shown in the interpretation of the Qur'an, principles of jurisprudence, law and vocabulary. In other words, the necessity of paying attention to the principles of jurisprudence stems from the fact that they are basic principles, a mechanism that helps in achieving the outcome of the work of the mujtahid and his aim in ijtihad what he strives for. The study leads to results, including this rule which is one of the branches of “the Implementation of speech takes precedence over its neglect,” and that it aims to preserve speech from being abolished. It does not deal with the cases, in which, it is necessary to confirm or establish because of evidence where there is no justification for opposition or recommendation.

DNA sequencing is one of the most important techniques in biology which determine precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Old methods such as Sanger DNA sequencing, are time laboring and expensive methods. Therefore, researchers developed next generation sequencing (NGS) which are more economical and high-throughput methods comparing with old methods. NGS methods classified into three main generations. These methods are able to fast sequencing of long fragments of DNA. By means of NGS, whole genome sequencing, target specific sequencing, de-novo sequencing and assembly, RNA sequencing and investigation of genetically changes are possible. it's so important to consider befits and defects of each method, and choosing a suitable NGS method due to properties of research program.

Background: The difference between 'policy as promised' and 'policy as practiced' can be attributed to Implementation gaps. Actor relationships and power struggles are central to these gaps but have been studied using only a handful of theoretical and analytical frameworks. Actor interface analysis provides a methodological entry point to examine policy Implementation and practices of power. As this approach has rarely been used in health policy analysis, this article aims, first, to synthesise knowledge about use of actor interface analysis in health policy Implementation and, second, to provide guiding steps to conduct actor interface analysis. Methods: We conducted an interpretive synthesis of literature using a set of 6 papers, selected using purposeful searches and focusing on actor dynamics and practices of power in policy experiences. Drawing upon the framework synthesis approach and using a guiding framework, the synthesis focused on 4 questions – the type of actor interfaces formed, the power practices observed, the effect of such power practices on Implementation and the underpinning factors for the power practices. Results: Multiple interface encounters and power practices were identified which included domination, control, contestation, collaborations, resistance, and negotiations. The lifeworlds of actors that underpinned the power practices, were rooted in social-organisational power relationships, personal experiences and interests, and social-ideological standpoints like values and beliefs of actors. The power practices influenced Implementation both positively and negatively. Conclusion: Based on the learnings from synthesis, this paper provides guiding steps for conducting actor interface analysis. Additionally, it presents 2 useful tools for power analysis: (1) 'actor lifeworlds, ' to understand underpinning factors for power practices and (2) relationships of lifeworlds, interface encounters and power practices with their effect on policy Implementation. We suggest that interface analysis should be applied in more empirical settings and across varied health policy experiences to nuance the method better.

2Introduction: A Roadmap is a tool to help organizations facilitate the successful Implementation of any technology. Then, this study aimed to identify and prioritize the stages of blockchain technology roadmap Implementation in health-oriented organizations. Method: To refine and evaluate the appropriateness of steps extracted from the subject literature, the fuzzy Delphi method was used. Access to the most reliable group agreement of experts on a specific issue is done using a questionnaire and asking experts’ opinions, often according to their feedback. Results: After identifying and extracting the factors through the study of various articles and localization and determining the importance of the variables, by applying the weight limit in the model, the level of experts’ agreement with each of the components was obtained and their suggested and corrective points were divided. The resulting absolute mean indicates the intensity of experts’ agreement with each research factor. Conclusion: The results of the survey of experts’ views show that the priorities of monitoring technology, identifying the application of blockchain technology in the organization, identifying structural, technical, legal, and financial challenges, designing, removing governance and upstream obstacles, appropriate capital transfer, cooperation between old and new infrastructure, and increasing membership, high importance and priorities of basic training, identifying the benefits of digital transformation and competitive advantage, internal and external stakeholders, and expanding the business model to other sectors are of lower importance.